1. What is the reason for the loss of excitation of the generator (electric ball) and how should it be handled?

答：发电机(电球)长时间不用，导致出厂前含在铁芯中的剩磁失去，励磁线圈建立不起应有的磁场，这时发动机运转正常但发不出电，此类现象新机或长期不用的机组较多。 处理方法：

Answer: If the generator (electric ball) is not used for a long time, it will result in the loss of residual magnetism contained in the iron core before leaving the factory, and the excitation coil cannot establish the necessary magnetic field. At this time, the engine runs normally but cannot generate electricity. There are many new or long-term unused units in this phenomenon. Handling method:

1）有励磁按钮的按一下励磁按钮。

1) If there is an excitation button, press the excitation button once.

2）无励磁按钮的，用电瓶对其充磁。

2) If there is no excitation button, magnetize it with an electric battery.

3）带一个灯泡负荷，超速运转几秒钟。

3) Carry a light bulb load and operate at overspeed for a few seconds.

2、电能属于哪级能源？交流电的特点是什么？

2. What level of energy does electricity belong to? What are the characteristics of alternating current?

答：电能属于二级能源，交流电由机械能转换过来，直流电由化学能转化过来，交流电的特点是不能储存，现发现用。

Answer: Electric energy belongs to the category of secondary energy, with alternating current converted from mechanical energy and direct current converted from chemical energy. The characteristic of alternating current is that it cannot be stored and is now found to be used.

3、为什么发电机(电球)工作仓必须保证清洁、地面无浮尘？

3. Why must the working compartment of the generator (electric ball) be kept clean and free of floating dust on the ground?

答：柴油机若吸入脏空气会使功率下降；发电机若吸入沙粒、灰尘等杂质会使定转子间隙之间的绝缘破坏，重者导致烧毁。

Answer: If a diesel engine sucks in dirty air, it will cause a decrease in power; If the generator sucks in impurities such as sand and dust, it can damage the insulation between the stator and rotor gaps, and in severe cases, cause burning.

4、引起水温高报警停机以至无法使用，有哪些原因？

4. What are the reasons for causing a high water temperature alarm to shut down and render it unusable?

答：1）水箱漏水或水量不足；

Answer: 1) The water tank is leaking or the water volume is insufficient;

2）水温传感器损坏；

2) The water temperature sensor is damaged;

3）水箱水道污垢太厚或散热片油污过多；

3) The dirt in the water tank channel is too thick or the heat sink has too much oil stains;

4）风扇皮带磨损过大，压力不足；

4) Excessive wear and insufficient pressure on the fan belt;

5）水泵磨损，泵水量不足；

5) The water pump is worn and the water volume is insufficient;

6）节温器开启角度不够，有卡死现象；

6) The opening angle of the thermostat is insufficient and there is a jamming phenomenon;

7）气缸垫冲坏，水道与气缸相通；

7) The cylinder gasket is damaged and the water channel is connected to the cylinder;

8）气缸套磨损过甚，局部渗水；

8) Excessive wear of the cylinder liner, local water seepage;

9）机房通风不符合要求；

9) The ventilation of the computer room does not meet the requirements;

10）发动机超载运行。

10) Engine overload operation.

5、柴油机为什么冒黑烟？

5. Why do diesel engines emit black smoke?

答：柴油机在高负荷时，排气就容易冒黑烟。黑烟的生成过程，目前还不完全清楚，一般认为当柴油机负荷高时，喷入燃烧室的燃料增多，燃烧室中的温度又较高，加上柴油机混合气形成不均匀的特点，这样就会造成燃烧室内局部地区空气不足的燃烧，燃料在高温缺氧的情况下分解，聚合形成炭烟（炭黑）。炭烟不是纯粹的碳，而是一种聚合体，主要成分是碳（85%以上），但还含有少量的氧、氢和灰分，并且其成分随柴油机的负荷不同而有所改变。将黑烟通过过滤器把炭烟收集起来放在电子显微镜下观察，可以看到大的炭烟粒子直径在 0.05μｍ左右。柴油机中燃烧的高温裂解反应是不可避免的，特别是在空间混合燃烧的柴油机中，高温的气体包围着液态的油滴，造成了进行裂解反应有利的条件，燃烧过程的高速摄影证实，在上止点附近都会出现大量的黑烟，但在一般情况下，炭烟都能在随后的燃烧中找到空气而完全燃烧，使排气无黑烟。但是如果气缸空气不足，混合过程进行缓慢，那么由于膨胀而使气缸温度下降，则碳不能燃烧而被聚合成炭烟。形成炭烟就使燃烧不完全，柴油机经济性下降，排温升高，排气冒黑烟，燃烧室表面积炭，并使负荷不能再行提高。积炭还会引起活塞环或活塞卡住、气门咬死等故障。因此不允许柴油机在长时间超负荷的状态下工作。

Answer: When a diesel engine is under high load, the exhaust is prone to emitting black smoke. The process of generating black smoke is currently not fully understood. It is generally believed that when a diesel engine has a high load, the amount of fuel injected into the combustion chamber increases, and the temperature in the combustion chamber is also high. In addition, the uneven formation of the diesel engine mixture can lead to insufficient air combustion in local areas of the combustion chamber, and the fuel decomposes under high temperature and oxygen deficiency, aggregating to form carbon black (carbon black). Carbon smoke is not pure carbon, but a polymer, mainly composed of carbon (over 85%), but also contains a small amount of oxygen, hydrogen, and ash, and its composition varies with the load of the diesel engine. Collect black smoke through a filter and observe it under an electron microscope. It can be seen that the diameter of large soot particles is 0.05 μ About m. The high-temperature cracking reaction of combustion in diesel engines is inevitable, especially in space mixed combustion diesel engines where high-temperature gases surround liquid oil droplets, creating favorable conditions for cracking reaction. High speed photography of the combustion process confirms that a large amount of black smoke appears near the top dead center. However, in general, carbon smoke can find air in the subsequent combustion and completely burn, leaving the exhaust without black smoke. However, if there is insufficient air in the cylinder and the mixing process progresses slowly, the temperature of the cylinder will decrease due to expansion, and the carbon will not burn and will aggregate into soot. The formation of soot leads to incomplete combustion, a decrease in diesel engine economy, an increase in exhaust temperature, black smoke emitted from the exhaust, charcoal on the surface of the combustion chamber, and the inability to further increase the load. Carbon accumulation can also cause piston rings or pistons to get stuck, valves to bite, and other malfunctions. Therefore, diesel engines are not allowed to operate under prolonged overload conditions.

5、 油箱内为什么会有水，如何防止？

5. Why is there water in the fuel tank and how to prevent it?

答：合格的燃油出厂时不会含有杂质和水分，但在运输和储存过程中或多或少会混入尘埃、污物及水分；油箱不满时，箱内空气中水分易形成冷凝水滴混入燃油中。燃油的使用和储存上应注意下面几点：

Answer: Qualified fuel will not contain impurities and moisture when leaving the factory, but it will be mixed with dust, dirt, and moisture to some extent during transportation and storage; When the fuel tank is full, water in the air inside the tank is prone to forming condensed droplets that mix with the fuel. The following points should be noted in the use and storage of fuel:

1）燃油先要在油箱内存放24小时以上，使水和杂质沉淀后使用；

1) Fuel should be stored in the fuel tank for at least 24 hours to allow water and impurities to settle before use;

2）每次工作结束后尽量将日用油箱装满，这样可以防止油箱空气中的水分混入燃油内；

2) After each work, try to fill the daily fuel tank as much as possible to prevent water from the air in the tank from mixing with the fuel;

3）注油时先要将漏斗、油箱端盖擦干净，使用手摇泵时，注意不要将低部沉积物一起抽出；

3) When injecting oil, first wipe the funnel and oil tank end cover clean. When using a hand pump, be careful not to extract the lower sediment together;

4）定期打开油箱排泄旋塞排除积水、沉淀。

4) Regularly open the fuel tank drain cock to remove accumulated water and sediment.

6、什么故障可以造成电机(电球)组启动马达传动齿轮打齿的事故？

6. What fault can cause the motor (electric ball) group to start an accident where the transmission gear of the motor teeth?

答：蓄电池电力不足蓄电池温度过高； 启动电机继电器不工作 ；启动马达传动齿轮与飞轮齿圈不能啮合； 启动电机进入啮合柴油机不能转动或转动无力； 启动电机不转； 启动失效； 柴油机运转后和启动电机不能分离；

Answer: Insufficient battery power, high battery temperature; The starting motor relay does not work; The transmission gear of the starting motor cannot mesh with the flywheel ring gear; The starting motor cannot rotate or the rotation is weak when entering the meshing diesel engine; The starting motor does not rotate; Start failure; The diesel engine cannot be separated from the starting motor after operation;

7、AVR损坏的主要原因是什么？

7. What are the main reasons for AVR damage?

答：AVR电路由整流主回路，电压检测电路，比较控制电路三个部分组成；排除原有电气元件本身质量上的原因造成损坏的可能性而言，在整块AVR电路中，主回路和比较控制电路的工作频率变动大；其中主回路的整流桥和比较电路中的晶体管变动更频，其损坏比例占整块AVR损坏率的90%以上；鉴于进口发电机上的AVR属于非拆修配件，损坏了就要换新的，所以，我们主要分析造成发电机上的AVR损坏的原因，尽可能避免AVR的损坏是重要的，只要使用适当，可以提高AVR的使用寿命。发电机电压越稳定，AVR内的变动频率越小；比较电路中的晶体管的开关动作越小，AVR损坏的几率越小；输出负载相对平稳，AVR内的变动频率越小，比较电路中的晶体管的开关动作越小，AVR损坏的几率越小；柴油机的转速越稳定，变化电流对AVR的振荡冲击越小；经常性的“游车”和超负载，三相负载相差太大是造成AVR损坏的主要原因；选择带E、F、C燃油系统的发电机组，由于频率变动小，AVR的使用会更可靠。

Answer: The AVR circuit consists of three parts: a rectifier main circuit, a voltage detection circuit, and a comparison control circuit; In terms of excluding the possibility of damage caused by the quality of the original electrical components themselves, in the entire AVR circuit, the working frequency of the main circuit and the comparative control circuit varies greatly; The rectifier bridge in the main circuit and the transistor in the comparison circuit fluctuate more frequently, accounting for over 90% of the damage rate of the entire AVR; Considering that the AVR on imported generators is a non repairable accessory that needs to be replaced if damaged, we mainly analyze the reasons for the damage to the AVR on the generator. It is important to avoid AVR damage as much as possible. As long as it is used properly, the service life of the AVR can be improved. The more stable the voltage of the generator, the smaller the frequency of variation within the AVR; The smaller the switching action of transistors in the comparison circuit, the lower the probability of AVR damage; The output load is relatively stable, and the smaller the frequency of variation within the AVR, the smaller the switching action of the transistors in the comparison circuit, and the lower the probability of AVR damage; The more stable the speed of a diesel engine, the smaller the oscillation impact of the changing current on AVR; Frequent "traveling" and overload, as well as large differences in three-phase loads, are the main reasons for AVR damage; Choose a generator set with E, F, and C fuel systems, as the frequency variation is small, the use of AVR will be more reliable.

8、两台发电机组并机的条件是什么？用什么装置来完成并机工作？

8. What are the conditions for merging two generator sets? What device is used to complete the parallel operation?

答：并机使用的条件是两台机瞬间的电压、频率、相位相同。俗称“三同时”。用专用并机装置来完成并机工作。一般建议采用全自动并机柜。尽量不用手动并机。因为手动并机的成功或失败取决于人为经验。笔者以20多年从事电力工作的经验斗胆放言，柴油发电机手动并机的可靠成功率等于0。决不能以市电大电源系统可用手动并机的概念来套用小电源系统，因为二者的保护等级完全不一样的。

Answer: The condition for parallel operation is that the instantaneous voltage, frequency, and phase of the two machines are the same. Commonly known as "three simultaneities". Use a dedicated parallel device to complete the parallel operation. It is generally recommended to use fully automatic parallel cabinets. Try not to manually merge machines. The success or failure of manual parallel operation depends on human experience. Based on more than 20 years of experience in power work, the author boldly states that the reliable success rate of manual parallel operation of diesel generators is equal to 0. We cannot apply the concept of manual parallel operation to a small power supply system based on the availability of a large power supply system, as the protection levels of the two are completely different.

9、为什么机组每运行200小时后，要进行一项所有电器接触件的紧固工作？

9. Why is it necessary to tighten all electrical contacts after every 200 hours of operation of the unit?

答：柴油发电机组组属振动工作器。而且很多国内生产或组装的机组该用双螺母的没用。该用弹簧垫片的没用，一旦电器紧固件松懈，会产生很大的接触电阻，导致机组运行不正常。

Answer: The diesel generator set belongs to the vibration working device. And many domestically produced or assembled units should use double nuts without use. The use of spring washers is useless. Once the electrical fasteners loosen, it will generate a large contact resistance, leading to abnormal operation of the unit.

10、为什么发电机(电球)房必须保证清洁、地面无浮沙？

10. Why must the generator (electric ball) room be clean and free of floating sand on the ground?

答：柴油机若吸入脏空气会使功率下降；发电机若吸入沙粒等杂质会使定转子间隙之间的绝缘破坏，重者导致烧毁。

Answer: If a diesel engine sucks in dirty air, it will cause a decrease in power; If the generator sucks in impurities such as sand particles, it can damage the insulation between the stator and rotor gaps, and in severe cases, cause burning.

11、UPS与柴油发电机如何功率配套，才能保证UPS输出稳定？

11. How do UPS and diesel generators match in power to ensure stable UPS output?

答：1）UPS一般用视在功率KVA表示，先把它乘0.8换算成与发电机有功功率一致的单位KW。

Answer: 1) UPS is generally expressed in terms of apparent power KVA. First, multiply it by 0.8 to convert it into a unit of KW that is consistent with the active power of the generator.

2）若采用一般发电机，则以UPS的有功功率乘以2来确定所配发电机功率、即发电机功率为UPS功率的二倍。

2) If a general generator is used, the active power of the UPS is multiplied by 2 to determine the power of the allocated generator, which is twice the power of the UPS.

3）若采用带PMG（永磁机励磁）发电机，则以UPS的功率乘以1.2来确定发电机功率、即发电机功率为UPS功率的1.2倍。

3) If a generator with PMG (permanent magnet excitation) is used, the generator power is determined by multiplying the UPS power by 1.2, i.e. the generator power is 1.2 times the UPS power.

12、 一台发电机组的频率、电压均不稳定其问题在于发动机还是发电机？

12. The frequency and voltage of a generator set are unstable, and the problem lies in the engine or generator?

答：在于发动机。

Answer: It's the engine.

13、 一台发电机组的频率稳定，电压不稳定其问题在于发动机还是发电机?

13. The frequency of a generator set is stable, but the voltage is unstable. Is the problem with the engine or the generator?

答：在于发电机

Answer: It's about the generator

14、 发电机失磁是怎么回事，应怎么处理？

14. What is the cause of generator loss of excitation and how should we handle it?

答：发电机长时间不用，导致出厂前含在铁芯中的剩磁失去，励磁线圈建立不起应有的磁场，这时发动机运转正常但发不出电，此类现象新机。或长期不用的机组较多。处理方法：

Answer: If the generator is not used for a long time, the residual magnetism contained in the iron core before leaving the factory will be lost, and the excitation coil will not establish the necessary magnetic field. At this time, the engine will run normally but cannot generate electricity, which is a new phenomenon. There are many units that may not be used for a long time. Handling method:

1）如机组配有励磁按钮的，按一下励磁按钮

1) If the unit is equipped with an excitation button, press the excitation button once

2）无励磁按钮的，用电瓶对其充磁；

2) If there is no excitation button, use an electric battery to magnetize it;

3）带一个灯泡负荷，超速运转几秒钟。

3) Carry a light bulb load and operate at overspeed for a few seconds.

15、开机送电后带负荷顺序是什么？

15. What is the load sequence after power on and on?

答：负荷从大到小依次带上。

Answer: The load should be carried in order from high to low.

16、机之前卸负荷顺序是什么？

16. What is the unloading sequence before the machine?

答：负荷从小到大依次卸下，后关机。

Answer: Remove the load from small to large, and then turn it off.

17、为什么不能带负荷关机、开机？

17. Why can't I turn off and on with load?

答：带负荷关机属紧急停机，对机组冲击较大。带负荷开机属违规操作对发电设备用电设备均会带来损伤。

Answer: Shutdown with load is an emergency shutdown that has a significant impact on the unit. Starting on load is a violation of regulations that can cause damage to both power generation and electrical equipment.

18、所谓三相四线制是怎么一回事？

18. What is the so-called three-phase four wire system?

答：发电机组出线有4根，其中3根为火线，1根为零线。火线与火线之间电压为380V。火线与零线之间为220V。

Answer: There are 4 outgoing lines for the generator set, of which 3 are live wires and 1 is zero wire. The voltage between the live wire is 380V. The voltage between the live line and the zero line is 220V.

19、三相短路是怎么一回事？会产生什么后果？

19. What is a three-phase short circuit? What are the consequences?

答：火线之间未经过任何负荷，直接短路即为三相短路。其后果十分可怕，严重的会导致机毁人亡。

Answer: A direct short circuit between live wires without any load is a three-phase short circuit. The consequences are very terrifying, and in severe cases, it can lead to aircraft damage and human death.

20、所谓倒送电是怎么回事? 会产生哪两种严重后果?

20. What is the so-called reverse power transmission? What are the two serious consequences that can arise?

答: 自备发电机(电球)向市网送电的情况叫倒送电。其严重后果有两种：

Answer: The situation where a self-contained generator (electric ball) sends electricity to the city network is called reverse power transmission. There are two serious consequences:

市网未停电，其市网电源与自备发电机电源产生非同期并机，必毁坏机组。若自备发电机容量较大，还会使市网发生震荡。b) 市网已停电正在检修，其自备发电机倒送电。则会使供电部门检修人员触电身亡。

If there is no power outage in the city grid, the power supply of the city grid and the power supply of the self-provided generator will cause asynchronous parallel operation, which will inevitably damage the unit. If the capacity of the self-provided generator is large, it can also cause oscillations in the city network. b) The city power grid has been cut off and is undergoing maintenance, with its own generator being powered back. It will cause electric shock to the maintenance personnel of the power supply department.